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            <a href="./books-read-synchrotron-radiation-sources.html" rel="bookmark"
               title="Permalink to Books read: Synchrotron Radiation Sources">Books read: Synchrotron Radiation Sources</a></h1>

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                 by&nbsp;<a class="url fn" href="./author/jan-marjanovic.html">Jan Marjanovic</a>
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        <li class="published" title="2019-11-02T12:30:00+01:00">
          on&nbsp;Sat 02 November 2019
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</div><!-- /.post-info -->          <p>Here are my notes on the book "Synchrotron Radiation Sources: A Primer", edited
by H. Winick. Although a little bit dated (the book is from 1995) it gives a
nice overview of all components of a modern synchrotron and helps with better
understanding of how all subsystem interconnect together. It also serves as a
good introduction in the field of machine physics, which was for me (I have a
diploma degree in electronics) quite effective to better understand the
challenges faced in synchrotrons of the 4th generation (diffraction-limited
storage rings).</p>
<p style="width:80%; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Synchrotron Radiation Sources: A Primer" src="./images/synchrotron_light_sources.jpg"></p>
<h1>Chapter 1</h1>
<p>page 2: "electron (or positrons)" --&gt; how would a a SLS with protons look like?
larger insertions devices? different SR wavelengths?</p>
<p>page 4: betatron - early machines, vertical magnetic field (spatially const,
time varying)</p>
<p>page 7: non top-up mode --&gt; from what I heard it took several hours to start
the machine</p>
<p>page 9: <span class="math">\(\gamma = \frac{mc^2}{E}\)</span></p>
<p>page 12: time structure - ESRF hybrid mode: "pulsed experiments in us, ns and ps
time scale" (<em>M. Wulff et al., Time-resolved structures of macromolecules at the
ESRF</em>)</p>
<p>page 13: are the main advantage of FELs short pulses or higher brightness?</p>
<p>page 15: TESLA CDR published in 1988, the book is from 1994.</p>
<h1>Chapter 2</h1>
<p>page 34: theory on strong focusing --&gt; very interesting, study <em>E. D. Curant et
al., Theory of the alternating-gradient synchrotron</em>.</p>
<p>page 35: are betatron oscillations period or is there a phase advance?</p>
<p>page 39: (slightly) rotated quadrupoles introduce x-y coupling</p>
<p>page 41: correctors at the beggining and at the end of the insertion device --&gt;
modern take presented in <em>G. Rehm et al.: First projects at Diamond Light Source
involving MTCA</em>
(https://indico.desy.de/indico/event/20703/session/0/contribution/77/material/slides/1.pdf, page 9)</p>
<p>page 41: what is a "tune shift"?</p>
<p>page 43: planar design --&gt; prevents orbit "growth" in y (apart from coupling from quadrupoles)</p>
<p>page 44: dispersion-free region</p>
<p>page 46: dynamic aperture: max betatron osc that can be sustained</p>
<p>page 48: for how much do insertion devices reduce the energy? is this important
for the orbit?</p>
<p>page 49: vertical/horizontal emittance ratio for most machines: 0.01 to 0.03</p>
<h1>Chapter 3</h1>
<p>page 60: septum magnets: what is the purpose, how do they work</p>
<p>page 62: off axis &lt;-/-&gt; on axis</p>
<p>page 68: max booster boost ratio of 50, in reality a little less. example 1:
DESY II (injection at 450 MeV, ejection at 6 GeV - factor 13). example 2: SPS
(max energy 450 GeV) to LHC (max energy 6500 GeV), factor 14</p>
<p>page 65: RF photo cathode gun now more popular</p>
<p>page 73: "brute force" used at MedAustron</p>
<p>page 75: 3 kA, 13 kV!!!</p>
<p>page 78: high-Z = high atomic number (e.g. W, Pb)</p>
<p>page 81: harmonic nr = number of buckets</p>
<h1>Chapter 4</h1>
<p>page 95: first mention of time-resolved measurement</p>
<p>page 91: synchrotron osc = longitudinal, betatron osc = transversal</p>
<p>page 96: cavity impedance scales lineraly with the number of cells</p>
<p>page 105: what about traveling-wave cavity? is this used in SLS?</p>
<p>page 111: How a Klystron amplifier works (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fvud81pYGOg)</p>
<p>page 117: protection for kylstron: Klystron Lifetime Management (http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/ICALEPCS2013/talks/tucoca09_talk.pdf)</p>
<h1>Chapter 5</h1>
<p>page 122: photon BPMs to global orbit feedback also possible - Diamond, ELETTRA
(here only local feedback is described)</p>
<p>page 132: "DIAMOND at Deresbury"</p>
<p>page 145: "the designer is relying very much on the good will of the stell
company" --&gt; the reality we work in</p>
<h1>Chapter 6</h1>
<p>page 159: digital feedback have taken over since the book was written</p>
<h1>Chapter 7</h1>
<p>page 163: book is from 1994, more modern methods could be used -&gt; PXI or MTCA
crate with motor controller and fast ADC</p>
<p>page 194: corrector magnets are not mentioned, but it would be convenient (and
interesting) to measure the resp with high freq (e.g. at 1 kHz)</p>
<h1>Chapter 8</h1>
<p>page 197: "the beam would propagate only a few meters in atmosphere" --&gt; more
than I would expect</p>
<p>page 199: desorption &lt;-/-&gt; absorption (photon- and electron-stimulated desorbtion)</p>
<p>page 203: beam stop - photones after diploe --&gt; more than 10 kW of power</p>
<p>page 211: 1e-11 Torr = still 1e11 molecules per L (= 2.5e22 molecules/L of air *
1e-11 Tor in atm)</p>
<h1>Chapter 9</h1>
<p>page 218: AI: last wave of AI, Lisp-based, very advanced but still very limited (=specific)</p>
<p>page 219: interesting from historical point of view - only EPICS is mentioned</p>
<p>page 220: communication protocols from the past Bitbus (http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/p91/PDF/PAC1991_1496.PDF)
and Multibus </p>
<p>page 220: reflective memory techniques (for FOFB)</p>
<p>page 225: drift and negative drift sounds very hackish; wouldn't it be easier to
take the position and angle of the insertion device (2 step simulation)</p>
<p>page 226: check ref 27: "Computer Codes for Particle Accelerator Design and
Analysis: A Compendium"</p>
<p>page 227: phase-space 6D - x, x', y, y' dp/p, ds - each coordinate relative
to ideal orbit</p>
<p>page 228: R matrix sometimes 2x2, should is be 6x6 in "normal" case? find some
examples for individual elements ...</p>
<p>page 228: beta-function is a solution for single particle motion</p>
<p>page 229: Twiss parameters &lt;-&gt; beta func and beta' (alfa, beta, gamma)</p>
<p>page 239: read again G. Strang: Linear Algebra and Its Applications</p>
<h1>Chapter 10</h1>
<p>page 245: time-resolved spectroscopy - learn more on this</p>
<p>page 251: "Signal Processing" chapter was written before DSP became mainstream</p>
<p>page 262: section on BPM is rather short --&gt; study ref 61: K. Wittenburg "Beam
Loss Detection"</p>
<p>page 271: wire scan is not mentioned?</p>
<h1>Chapter 11</h1>
<p>page 297: successive alignment steps: non-converging, circling around 0 in
N-dim space</p>
<p>page 301: "Cultural noise at DESY" :D</p>
<h1>Chapter 12</h1>
<p>page 306: "resonate for a long time" - wake field decay --&gt; check at FLASH</p>
<p>page 308: slightly of topic: we are dealing with 18 orders of magnitude</p>
<p>page 312: wake functions = causal functions; here i do not understand enough
physics, isn't the field also present in front of the bunch? or is this
valid only for ultra-relativistic bunches?</p>
<h1>Chapter 13</h1>
<p>page 346: three types of motion, three different time scales: longitudinal osc,
transversal osc and closed orbit errors</p>
<p>page 349: Fig 13.2 (SSRL) --&gt; feedback too slow to suppres 60 Hz and harmonics</p>
<p>page 351: phBPM: gap few times RMS of the beam</p>
<p>page 353: a mention of feedback simulation, no references given</p>
<p>page 358: Z transform: http://techteach.no/publications/discretetime_signals_systems/discrete.pdf</p>
<p>page 358: "beyond the Nyquist freq" --&gt; not entirely true, undersampling is
possible</p>
<p>page 362: MIMO, check:</p>
<ul>
<li>ref 19</li>
<li>ref 20</li>
<li>ref 21</li>
<li>ref 22</li>
</ul>
<h1>Chapter 14 and 15</h1>
<p>no relevant notes</p>
<h1>Chapter 16</h1>
<p>page 432: "safety is a part of doing things"</p>
<p>page 435: general observation: unreliable safety feature (i.e. interlock) will
increase the danger</p>
<p>page 440: "The OPCOs have [...] the authority to stop any activity where safety
[...] is in question" - everybody has (or should have) the Stop Work Authority</p>
<p>page 448: tungsten --&gt; impossible to melt with beam</p>
<p>page 456: interlock testing: each input --&gt; response</p>
<p>page 457: for PLCs the standard for functional safety (IEC 61508) should be
mentioned. The standard was first published in 1998, while the book is from
1994.</p>
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